Proses Pembentukan Kata (Word Formation Process)
Pada postingan ini digambarkan beberapa pejelasan tentang Proses Pembentukan Kata (Word Formation Process)
A.
Afiksasi (Affixation)
Dikutip dari
http://aqualibra.blogspot.co.id/2012/04/afiksasi-dalam-kajian-morfologi.html,
Afiks ialah satuan gramatik terikat yang bukan
merupakan bentuk dasar, tidak mempunyai makna leksikal, dan hanya mempunyai
makna gramatikal, serta dapat dilekatkan pada bentuk asal atau bentuk dasar
untuk membentuk bentuk dasar dan atau kata baru karena satuan-satuan gramatik
ini merupakan bentuk terikat dan tidak mempunyai makna leksikal dan hanya akan
mempunyai makna gramatikal setelah digabung dengan satuan gramatik lain.
Afiks adalah bentuk terikat yang apabila ditambahkan
ke bentuk lain akan mengubah makna gramatikalnya (Kridalaksana,1993 dalam aqualibra. blogspot.co.id/2012).
Dasar yang dimaksud pada penjelasan tersebut adalah bentuk apa saja, baik
sederhana maupun kompleks yang dapat diberi afiks apapun (Samsuri, 1988 dalam
aqualibra.blogspot.co.id/2012).
Afiksasi dalam pengertian lain ialah proses
pembentukan kata dengan cara menggabungkan afiks pada bentuk dasar atau juga
dapat disebut sebagai proses penambahan afiks atau imbuhan menjadi kata. Hasil
proses pembentukan afiks atau imbuhan itu disebut kata berimbuhan.
Selain itu, afiksasi merupakan unsur yang ditempelkan
dalam pembentukan kata dan dalam linguistik afiksasi bukan merupakan pokok kata
melainkan pembentukan pokok kata yang baru. Sehingga para ahli bahasa
merumuskan bahwa, afiks merupakan bentuk terikat yang dapat ditambahkan pada
awal, akhir maupun tengah kata (Richards, 1992
dalam aqualibra.blogspot.co.id/2012).
Menurut A.
Chaer dalam aqualibra.blogspot.co.id/2012, afiksasi adalah salah
satu proses dalam pembentukan kata turunan baik berkategori verba, berkategori
nomina maupun berkategori ajektiva.
Dari penjelasan-penejelasa di atas dapat disimpulkan
bahwa afiksasi adalah penggabungan antara morfem-morfem terikat untuk membentuk
kata baru dan menghasilkan makna gramatikal yang baru yaitu dengan menempelkan
atau menambahkan unsur selainnya.
Ciri-ciri
kata berimbuhan adalah
-
Memilliki
makna gramatikal atau makna gramatis
-
Polimorfemis
atau memiliki atau terdiri lebih dari satu morfem dan salah satu atau lebih
morfemnya berupa afiks.
-
Terjadinya
perubahan kelas kata.
Kata-kata yang dibentuk dari
kombinasi morfem terikat dengan morfem bebas merupakan hasil proses afiksasi.
Pada dasarnya, ada empat afiks, yaitu:
1) prefiks, yaitu imbuhan yang
diletakkan di awal morfem bebas atau prefiks lainnya. misalnya re-,
anti-, dis-, dan lain-lain;
2) sufiks, yaitu imbuhan yang
ditambahkan pada akhir morfem bebas atau prefiks lainnya. Misalnya –ment,
-ly, -ed, -‘s, -s, dan lain-lain;
3) infiks, yaitu imbuhan yang
disisipkan ditengah-tengah morfem bebas. Namun dalam bahasa inggris tidak
memiliki infiks.
4) konfiks, yaitu penambahan imbuhan
berupa awalan dan akhiran yang muncul secara bersamaan pada satu kata.
Contoh kata bahasa Inggris yang
menggunakan awalan adalah sebagai berikut:
react
reform
anticlimax
disconnect
dan lain-lain
Selanjutnya beberapa contoh kata
bahasa Inggris yang menggunakan akhiran seperti:
management
govermant
speaking
beautiful
happily
dan lain-lain
Sementara itu bahasa Inggris tidak mempunyai
infiks. Pada kata doubtfully,
sebagian ada yang mengakatan bahwa -ful
adalah infiks, padahal sesungguhnya
bukan karena -ful berada setelah kata
dasar yaitu doubt. Secara struktural
hirarkis, akhiran -ly tidak melekat
pada -ful tetapi pada kata doubtfull.
Selain awalan dan akhiran, bahasa
Inggris juga mempunyai konfiks, yaitu penambahan awalan dan akhiran pada kata
dasar seperti;
unbelievable
unforgetable
misunderstanding
reusable
reformation
dan lain-lain.
Contoh bahasa lain yakni bahasa
Tagalog yang merupakan bahasa nasional negara Philipina. Bahasa ini
memiliki infiks-infiks yang sangat ekstensif. Misalnya infiks –um- digunakan
untuk banyak kata kerja. Contoh:
[sulat]
‘write’
[sumulat] ‘to write’
[bili]
‘buy’
[bumili] ‘to
buy’
[kuha]
‘take,
get’ [kumuha]
‘to take, to get’
Selain itu, bahasa Tagalog juga
memiliki infiks –in- yang digunakan untuk kelas kata kerja
pasif. Banyak bahasa lainnya di Philipina memiliki infiks –ar- yang
digunakan untuk nama tumbuh-tumbuhan atau pohon-pohon.
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, afiksasi
membentuk kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat, kata keterangan, numeralia dan
interogativa. Selain itu, bahasa Indonesia kaya dengan jenis afiks. Bahasa
Indonesia tidak hanya memiliki prefiks, infiks dan sufiks. Tetapi juga memiliki
konfiks dan simulfiks, yaitu gabungan afiks yang terdiri dari dua unsur afiks
yang diletakkan di depan dan di belakang sebuah kata.
Contoh:
Prefiks
infiks
sufiks
konfiks dan simulfiks
menulis kinerja
bagian keadaan
penulis
gerigi
makanan persahabatan
berlari
seruling
tiduri
pengiriman
B.
Pemajemukan (Compounding)
Terdapat berapa pengertian pemajemukan
yang ditemukan dari berbagai sumber, antara lain M. Ramlan, 1985 dalam
Nikarlina, (2013) mengatakan bahwa pemajemukan adalah proses pembentukan kata
melalui penggabungan dua buah kata yang menimbulkan suatu kata baru.
Selain itu pemajemukan merupakan proses
pembentukan kata melalui penggabungan morfem dasar yang hasil keseluruhannya
berstatus sebagai kata yang mempunyai pola fonologis, gramatikal, dan semantik
yang khusus menurut kaidah bahasa yang bukan pemajemukan (Harimurti
Kridalaksana, 1982 dalam Nikarlina, 2013).
Selanjunya, kata majemuk atau kompositum adalah gabungan morfem dasar yang seluruhnya berstatus sebagai kata yang mempunyai pola fonologis, gramatikal, dan semantis
yang khusus menurut kaidah bahasa yang bersangkutan. Sedangkan
menurut Ramlan kata majemuk adalah kata yang terdiri dari dua kata sebagai
unsurnya.
Marzuq
(2014:114) mengatakan bahwa Kata majemuk dibentuk dengan menggabungkan dua kata
atau lebih. Gabungan kata tadi membentuk satu kesatuan makna yang utuh dan
mudah dipahami.
Carolyn Mc.
Manis dkk. (1991) menjelaskan bahwa pemajemukan atau komposisi adalah
proses pembentukan kata baru bukan dari penggabungan afiksasi atau morfem terikat,
tapi dari dua atau lebih kata bebas (independent
words). Kata-kata yang menjadi bagian dari pemajemukan ini bisa berupa
morfem bebas, kata hasil proses afiksasi, atau kata majemuk lainnya, seperti:
kata dasar+kata dasar kata dasar+afiksasi kata majemuk+kata dasar
girlfriend
air
conditioner lifeguard chair
blackbird looking
glass
aircraft carrier
lifeguard
working girl
aircraft
watchmaker
textbook
self-determination
Penulisan kata majemuk dalam bahasa
Inggris tidak konsisten. Kadang-kadang ditulis bersambung tanpa spasi,
kadang-kadang ditulis terpisah dengan menggunakan garis mendatar diantaranya,
dan kadang-kadang ditulis terpisah.
Pemajemukan berbeda dengan frasa.
perbedaannya dapat dilihat dari pola penekanan dan penulisannya. Kata-kata
majemuk yang tidak memiliki persamaan dengan frasa dapat ditulis dengan
beberapa cara di atas seperti contoh pada kalimat berikut;
1. The wool sweater gave the man a red neck
2. The redneck in the bar got drunk and started yelling
Tapi bagi kata-kata majemuk yang
memiliki persamaan dengan frasa, mempunyai aturan pola tekanan hanya pada kata
pertama, sedangkan dalam frasa mempunyai pola penekanan sendiri-sendiri.
Contoh: (tekanan dilambangkan dengan ´)
Kata majemuk
frasa
bláckbird
bláck bírd
mákeup máke
úp
Kata-kata majemuk lain bisa juga
mempunyai pola menekankan seperti frasa, tetapi hanya jika kata majemuk
tersebut tidak dapat menjadi frasa. Pola ini juga hanya mempunyai tekanan pada
kata pertama saja seperti kata majemuk lainnya. Perbedaan-perbedaan ini sering
terjadi, tetapi tidak selalu. Hal ini sering direfleksikan dalam penulisan umum
seperti menulis sebuah kata majemuk sebagai satu kata atau menggunakan
tanda-tanda penghubung untuk menyambung kata-katanya.
Contoh:
eásy-góing
eásy-going
mán-máde
mán-made
hómemáde
hómemade
Makna kata majemuk bergantung pada
pengertian bagian-bagiannya. Namun, hampir semua makna dari tiap kata-kata
majemuk itu melibatkan tiap bagiannya. Misalnya, pengertian kata aircraft adalah
sebuah alat yang dibuat untuk digunakan di udara. Sedangkan airconditioner adalah
sebuah alat yang dibuat dengan memanfaatkan udara.
Kata majemuk
dalam bahasa Inggris umumnya mengikuti pola kombinasi berikut:
1.
noun + noun classroom
2.
adjective + noun greenhouse
3.
preposition +
preposition into
4.
verbs
+ preposition takeover
5.
preposition +
verb by-pass
6.
noun + verb earthquake
7.
verb + noun show-room
8.
noun + adjective sky-high
9.
preposition +
noun by-stander
10.
pola lain commander-in-chief
Ada kata majemuk lain yang tidak
mengikuti pola konstruksi diatas, misalnya: son-in
law, ex-housewife, passer-by, salesman, dan sebagainya.
Bila melihat contoh-contoh kata majemuk,
akan mudah menerjemahkannya ke bahasa Indonesia. Kata majemuk itu, misalnya: sunflower (bunga matahari), eyeglasess (kacamata), dan toothache (sakit gigi). Namun ada pula
kata majemuk yang padanam bahasa Indonesianya perlu penyesuaian, misalnya :
light-house =
light + house =
mercu suar
(cahaya) (rumah) (bukan rumah cahaya)
green-eyed =
green + eyed = iri
(hijau) (bermata) (bukan bermata hijau)
street-walker =
street + walker = wanita tuna susila
(jalan) (pejalan) (bukan pejalan-jalan)
Dengan
mengetahui adanya konstruksi kata majemuk, pembelajar bahasa Inggris bisa
memperkaya kosakata tanpa harus secara berlebihan menjejali ingatan dengan
kata-kata yang samasekali baru. Dari kata-kata yang telah umum dipakai, kita
dapat membentuk kosakata baru.
Bahkan,
sejumlah kata majemuk masih bisa menghasilkan kata baru lain. Dengan
menambahkan sufiks-ness, colorblind
(buta warna) menjadi colorblindness
(kebutawarnaan), trust worthy (layak
dipercaya) menjadi trustworthiness
(keadaan layak dipercaya).
C.
Reduplikasi (Reduplication)
Reduplikasi termasuk dalam proses morfologi. Menurut
Jensen (1990:68) reduplikasi adalah suatu proses pengulangan seluruh atau
sebagian morfem untuk menyatakan sebuah morfologi kategori. Selain itu, Nida (1969 :69) menyatakan bahwa
reduplikasi tergantung pada pengulangan secara keseluruhan atau sebagian dari
akar kata atau kata dasar. Menurut Gleason dalam Jensen (1990 : 70) reduplikasi
sebagian lebih umum daripada reduplikasi utuh.
Menurut Kridalaksana (2008 : 208) reduplikasi
merupakan proses dan hasil pengulangan satuan bahasa sebagai alat fonologis
atau gramatikal; misalnya, rumah-rumah,
tetamu, bolak-balik. Reduplikasi gramatikal adalah
pengulangan fungsional dari suatu bentuk dasar mencakup reduplikasi morfologis
dan reduplikasi sintaksis
Katamba (1993 :
180) menyatakan reduplikasi adalah sebuah proses dimana afiks didasari oleh
perangkat-perangkat fonologis yang dipinjam dari basisnya/dasarnya. Menurut
Spencer (1991: 150), reduplikasi dapat menempati bagian kiri akar kata sebagai
awalan, bagian kanan sebagai akhiran, atau dalam akar kata sebagai sisipan.
Bagian yang direduplikasi dapat berupa seluruh kata, seluruh morfem, sebuah
kata atau sederet rangkaian kata atau hanya rangkaian konsonan dan vokal yang
tidak membentuk konstituen prosodik tertentu.
Reduplikasi adalah proses
pembentukan kata baru dengan cara pengulangan baik sebagian atau keseluruhan
dari suatu kata. Dalam bahasa Inggris sangat jarang ditemui reduplikasi.
Beberapa contoh reduplikasi dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai berikut;
higglety-pigglety
hoity-toity
hocus-pocus
Namun demikian, reduplikasi tersebut
bukan sebuah morfem tunggal.
Dalam bahasa lain, reduplikasi
sangat sering dijumpai seperti dalam
bahasa Indonesia, menggunakan reduplikasi total untuk membentuk kata benda jamak.
Contoh:
[rumah] ‘house’ [rumah rumah] ‘houses’
[ibu] ‘mother’ [ibu ibu] ‘mothers’
[lalat] ‘fly’ [lalatlalat] ‘flies’
Sementara dalam bahasa Tagalog
menggunakan reduplikasi sebagian untuk menandai keadaan yang akan datang.
Contoh:
[bili] ‘buy’ [bibili] ‘will
buy’
[kain] ‘eat’ [kakain] ‘will
eat’
[pasok] ‘enter’ [papasok] ‘will enter’
Dalam kata sambung dengan
prefiks maŋ (yang
sering mengubah inisial konsonannya mengikuti bunyi sengau), Tagalog
menggunakan reduplikasi untuk menunjukkan pelaku pekerjaan. Contoh:
[bili]
/ maŋ + bi + bili
/ [mamimili] ‘a buyer’
[sulat]
/ maŋ + su + sulat
/ [manunulat]
‘a writer’
[’isda]
/ maŋ + ’I + isda
/
[man’i’isda]
‘a fisherman’
D.
Perubahan
Internal Morfem (Morphem Change
Internal)
Di samping menambahkan imbuhan pada
sebuah morfem (afiksasi) atau mengulang seluruh atau sebagian morfem
(reduplikasi) atau membuat analisis proses morfologi, terdapat juga proses
morfologis yang disebut perubahan internal morfem. Berikut adalah beberapa contoh
dalam bahasa Inggris:
1) meskipun pola umum dari bentuk jamak
adalah dengan penambahan morfem infleksi, ada beberapa kata dalam bahasa
Inggris mengalami perubahan internal, misalnya;
man men,
woman women,
goose geese
foot feet
dan
lain-lain.
2) pola umum dari past tense dan past
participle adalah ditambahkannya sebuah imbuhan, tetapi beberapa kata kerja
juga menunjukkan perubahan internal, seperti:
ring rang rung
sing sang sung
swim swam swum
dan
lain-lain
Beberapa
kata kerja bahasa Inggris, selain mengalami perubahan internal, juga mendapat
afiksasi pada bentuk yang sama
break broke broken
bite bit bitten
dan lain-lain
3) beberapa kelas kata hanya bisa
berubah dengan menggunakan modifikasi internal, seperti:
strife strive
teeth teethe
breath breathe
life live (V)
life live (adj)
E.
Keluwesan (Supletion)
Bahasa yang dibentuk oleh proses
morfologis akan membentuk kata-kata yang secara normal menjadi kata yang
beraturan. Pembentukan kata-kata secara produktif tersebut menggunakan
satu atau beberapa proses yang telah dijelaskan sbelumnya. Tetapi, dalam proses-proses
tersebut juga memiliki kelas kata yang tidak beraturan. Hal ini disebabkan
mereka menandai persamaan analisis morfologis tersebut dengan proses lain yang
berbeda. Kadang-kadang. Perbedaan itu bisa direpresentasikan dengan dua kata
yang berbeda yang tidak memiliki banyak perbedaan sistematik dalam bentuknya.
Situasi yang tidak beraturan ini disebut suplesi dan biasanya hanya terjadi
pada beberapa kata pada sebuah bahasa. Situasi ini muncul karena ada dua
kata berbeda yang ditafsirkan memiliki arti yang sama diinterpretasikan sebagai
kata yang sama.
Sebagai contoh, dalam bahasa Inggris
akhiran verba beraturan bentuk past tense
dibentuk dengan menambahkan /-† /, /-d /, or /-əd /. Kebanyakan
kata-kata dalam bahasa Inggris, begitu juga kata-kata susunan baru dalam bahasa
Inggris seperti scroosh atau blat akan
mempunyai format past tense ini.
walk /wak/
walked /wak†/
scroosh /skruš/
scrooshed /skruš†/
blat /blæ†/
blatted /blæ†əd/
Ada juga beberapa kelas kata umum
dalam bahasa Inggris bentuk past tense
yang berubah huruf vokalnya, misalnya:
sing /sґŋ/
sang /sæŋ/
run /r^n/
ran /ræŋ/
Beberapa kata kerja individual dalam
bahasa Inggris memiliki suplesi past
tense, yaitu:
I am /æm/
I
was /w^z/
I go /go/
I went /wεn†/
H.
Paduan Kata (Blends)
Marzuq
(2014:161) mengatakan bahwa paduan kata merupakan peleburan dua kata menjadi
satu kata yang mempunyai pengertian baru. Kata motel contohnya, berasal dari kata motorist dan kata hotel.
Namun, motel bukan motorist dan bukan pula hotel biasa. Motel adalah tempat menginap yang umumnya berada di luar kota atau
antar dua kota. Para tamu motel bisa
memparkir mobil yang mereka kendarai persis di depan pintu kamar.
Blends tidak
memiliki aturan konstruksi yang pasti. Umumnya sulit memperoleh padanan blend bahasa inggris dalam bahasa
Indonesia. Cara termudah untuk menerjemahkan blend ini adalah menjelaskan makna komponen-komponennya.
Kata
|
Bagian I
|
Bagian II
|
Arti
|
adman
airmada
Amerasia
Amerind
bedsit
bionic
bit
blurt
breathalyser
broasted
brunch
cablegram
cheeseburger
chortle
clump
conman
dictaphone
dumbfound
Eurasian
Eurovision
electrocute
flurry
flexitime
flounder
fride
gasohol
gawk
grandy
granpa
guesstimate
happenstance
hassle
heliport
Interpol
laundromat
languagelab
medicare
midday
monorail
moped
motel
newscast
paratroops
positron
quasar
radiogram
sealab
spacelab
sirna
sitcom
smog
spam
splatter
splotch
squawk
subway
stagflation
stuffocated
telecast
telecom
transistor
traveloque
turboprop
twirl
urinalysis
weeny
workaholic
|
advertisement
airplane
American
America
bedroom
biological
binary
blow
breath
broasted
breakfast
cable
cheese
chuckle
chunk
confidence
dictate
dumb
European
European
electro
flutter
flexy
founder
free
gasoline
gawky
grand
grand
guess
happen
haggle
helicopter
international
laundry
language
medical
middle
mono
motorbike
motorist
news
parachute
positive
quasi
radio
sea
space
silicon
situation
smoke
spiced
splash
spot
squall
sub
stagnant
stuffy
television
telephone
transfer
travel
turbineboast
twist
urine
wee
work
|
man armada
armada
Asia
Indian
sittingroom
mechanic
digit
spurt
analyser
roasted
lunch
telegram
hamburger
snorttle
lump
man
phone
confound
Asian
Television
execute
hurry
time
blunder
ride
alcohol
awkward
dandy
papa
estimate
stance
tussle
airport
Police
automat
laboratory
care
day
railway
pedalbike
hotel
broadcast
troops
electron
star
telegram
laboratory
laboratory
magnesium
comedy
fog
ham
spatter
blotch
squeak
railway
inflation
suffocated
broadcast
communication
resistor
logue
propeller
twirl
analysis
tiny
alcoholic
|
perancang iklan
armada pesawat udara
Indo-Amerika dan Asia
Indo-Amerika dan Indian
ruang tidur sekaligus ruang
keluarga
manusia bionic
satuan informasi komputer
membuka rahasia tanpa sengaja
(alat) ukur kadar alkohol darah
(yang) dibakar, dipanggang
sarapan pagi lebih lambat atau
makan siang lebih awal
telegram
cheeseburger
tertawa keras terbahak-bahak
si tolol
orang licik
mesin pendikte
mencengangkan; mengagumkan
Indo-Eropa-Asia
TV Eropa
mati tersengat arus listrik
hempasan angin atau kegiatan
dadakan
jam kerja felksibel
menggelepar
tumpangan gratis
BBM dari alcohol
orang kikuk
besar dan hebat
kakek
taksiran kasar
peristiwa kebetulan
perkelahian; percekcokan
landasan helicopter
Polisi internasional
mesin cuci otomatis (umum)
laboratorium bahasa
perawatan kesehatan
tengah hari
KA barel tunggal
sepeda motor kecil yang dapat
dikayuh
motel
siaran berita
pasukan payung
electron positif
bintang semu
radiogram
laboratorium laut
laboratorium ruang angkasa
silicon magnesium
komedi situasi
asbut (asap kabut)
daging babi berbumbu
memercik
percikan
mengeluh
KA bawah tanah
inflasi tetap
tercekik oleh asap
siaran
televisi
komunikasi
per telepon
transistor
ceramah
pariwisata lengkap dengan presentase film
penggerak
turbin
memeras
uji
air seni
sangat
kecil
gila
kerja
|
I.
Bentuk Penggalan (Clipped Form)
Cara pembentukan kata baru lain dalam
bahasa Inggris yaitu pemenggalan (clipping/clipped
form).
Menurut Marzuq (2014:165) Clipping adalah proses pemendekan suatu
kata yang panjang, kata hasil proses ini mempunyai arti yang sama dengan kata
yang aslinya. Kata ad adalah
penggalan dari kata advertisement
(iklan). Kata doc adalah penggalan
dari kata doctor (dokter). Clipping juga tidak punya aturan yang
jelas.
Dikalangan penutur asli bahasa Inggris,
bentuk penggalan ini umum dipakai dalam percakapan informal. Hal ini karena clipped forms cenderung singkat,
sederhana, dan komunikatif. Meskipun demikian, ada pula penggalan yang menjadi
kata baku bahasa Inggris.
Pemakai bahasa Indonesia juga mengenali clipped forms seperti; flu (influensa),
dok (dokter), lab (laboratorium), perpus (perpustakan) dan memo (memorandum).
Mengetahui adanya proses clipped, pembelajar tidak perlu
mamandang setiap kata baru sebagai kata yang sulit (difficult word). Mungkin saja kata baru itu hanyalah clipped words.
Kata
|
Kata Asal
|
Arti
|
Ad
Alp
alum
archit
aristo
auto
ave
bike
bio
biochem
biopic
biz
bra
bro
bud
bus
cafe
cap
champ
chem.
chevy
chimp
co-ed
combo
comfie
compo
con
con
condo
coon
co-op
cox
croc
cuke
curio
cum
cute
cuz
dad
deb
delish
demos
dif
disco
doc
dorm
drawing-room
econ
exam
exec
expat
expo
fab
fan
fax
fed
fence
fend
filmfest
flu
frat
fridge
frosh
gas
gent
glasses
gov
grad
gym
gyp
hanky
helio
hi-fi
hippo
hi-tech
hubby
info
improv
intercom
intro
jouno
kilo
kitty
klepto
lab
lav
legit
lib
limo
lit
log
logo
lone
ma
mag
mayo
math
memo
mend
metro
mike
mod
nark
nuke
obit
on spec
pant
pen
perk
perm
petrochem
phone
photo
piano
polio
pop music
pretab
preppie
prez
pro
prof
prom
psywar
pub
razz
reb
recap
rep
sarge
sarky
sax
scific
songfest
spec
Sun
subs
tarmac
taxicab
taxi
teach
tec
telly
tend
trig
trike
vegie
van
vet
vets
vibe
viz
vocab
X-mas
wig
woman's lib
zoo
|
advertisement
Alpine Mountains
alumnus/alumna
architecture
aristocrat
automobile
avenue
bicycle
biography:
biology
biochemistry
biograpichal pictures
business
brassiere
brother
buddy
omnibus
cafeteria
captain
champion
chemistry
chevrolet
chimpanzee
co-education
combination
comfortable
composition
convict
contra
condominium
raccoon
cooperative
coxswain
crocodile
cucumber
curiosity
cumulative
acute
cousin
daddy
debutante
delicious
demonstration
difference
discotheque music
doctor
dormitory
withdrawing-room
economics
examination
executive
expatriate
exposition
fabulous
fanatics
faximile
(facsimile)
federal
defence
defend
film festival
influenza
fratemity
refrigrator
freshman
gasoline
gentlemen
eyeglasses
governor
graduate
gymnasium
gypsum
handkerchief
heliografh
high fidelity
hippopotamus
hightechnology
husband
information
improvisation
intercommunication
introduction
journalist
kilogramme
kitten
kleptomania
laboratory
lavatory
legitimate
liberation
limousine
literature
logarithm
logotype
alone
mamma
magazine
mayonnaise
mathematichs
memorandum
amend
metropolitan
microphone
modern
narcotics
agent
nuclear
obituary
on speculation
pantaloon
penitentiary
perqusite
permanent wave
petrochemical
telephone
photograph
pianoforte
poliomyeletis
popular music
pretabricated
preparatory
school student
president
professional
professor
promenade
concert
psycological
war
publishing,
public house, publication
razzia
rebel
recapitulate
reputation,
representative
sargeant
sarcastic
saxophone
science fiction
song festival
specipication
Sunday
submarines
tarmacadam
taxicabriolet
taximeter
teacher
detective
television
attend
trigonometry
tricycle
vegetables
caravan
veteranarian
(veteranary surgeon)
veteran
vibration
videlicet
vocabulary
Cristmas
periwig
woman's
liberation
zoological
garden
|
iklan
Pegunungan
Alpen
lulusan
arsitektur
bangsawan
mobil
jalan
besar
sepeda
biografi
biologi
biokimia
foto-foto
atau gambar-gambar tentang riwayat hidup
bisnis
beha,
kutang
saudara
laki-laki
sahabat
bus
kantin
kapten
juara
kimia
mobil
chevrolet
simpanse
pendidikan
bersama (bagi pria dan wanita )
kombinasi
enak,
nyaman
komposisi
narapidana
melawan
flat
racun
koperasi
pemandu
perahu
buaya
mentimun
rasa
ingin tahu
kumulatif
akut
saudara sepupu
ayah
debutan
lezat
peragaan
perbedaan
diskotik
dokter
asrama
ruang tamu
ekonomi
ujian
eksekutif
WNA
pameran
legendaris
penggemar
faksimili
federal
pertahanan
mempertahankan
festival film
flu
persaudaraan
lemari es
mahasiswa tingkat I
bensin
pria
kacamata
gubernur
lulusan
ruang senam
gips
saputangan
heliograf
hifi
kuda nil
teknologi tinggi
suami
informasi
improvisasi
alat komunikasi
pendahuluan
wartawan
kilogram
anak kucing
kleptomania
laboratorium
WC, jamban
sah
kebebasan
limousin
sastra
logaritme
logo
sendirian
ibu
majalah
saos, selada
matematika
memo
bebas dari kesalahan
metropolitan
mikrofon
modern
agen narkotik
nuklir
berita kematian
spekulasi
celana panjang
penjara
keuntungan
gelombng tetap
petrokimia
telepon
potret
piano
polio
musik pop
rumah pabrikan
murid sekolah persiapan
presiden
profesional
profesor
konser berdiri
perang urat saraf
penerbitan, pub, publikasi
razia
pemberontak
merekapitulasi, meringkas
reputasi, wakil
sersan
kasar
saksofon
fiksi ilmiah
festival lagu
spesifikasi
Minggu
kapal selam
tar dan kerikil bahan jalan
taksi
taksi
guru
detektif
teve (televisi)
menghadiri
trigonometri
becak
sayur mayur
van, mobil gerbong
dokter hewan
veteran
getaran
yaitu, yakni
kosakata
hari natal
rambut palsu
gerakan pembebasan wanita
kebun bunatang
|
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Name : Rima melati
ReplyDeleteClass : B
Nim : 15020185
affixation the incorporation of the two words, compaunding adalan merge two morphemes basic, reduplication is a repeat of the word Elementary and blends the separation between the two words
Name : Suci Maisyanti
ReplyDeleteClass : B
Nim : 15020205
Affixation or affixing is the process of forming words by applying affixes to the basic form, either a single base or a complex form.
Example :
- Motorcycle to be motorcycle.
- Responsibility becomes responsible
- Communication to communicate
A compound word is two or more words that become one very closely and point or create a new one.
Example :
- Durability Power struggle Village meeting
-Workspace pers conference library
Reduplication is the process of repeating word or word element. Reduplication is also a process of decreasing the word with the whole iteration or partly.
Example :
- Dogs (anjing-anjing)
- Men (lelaki)
- Vegetables (sayur-mayur)
Morpheme internal change is morpheme (affixation) or repeats all or part of a morpheme (reduplication) to distinguish morphological process analysis, there is also a morphological process called morpheme internal modification.
Example :
- Break, broke, broken
- Bite, bit, bitten
- Strife, strive
Suppletion is the formation of words by changing the total of the basic shapes.
Example :
- Good + ly → well (not goodly)
- Mouse + plural → mice (not mouses)
Blends Is the process of forming words by combining two or more words by eliminating certain parts of the old word first before being combined into a new word.
Example :
- Brunch is a new word from breakfast and lunch
- Travelogue is a new word of travel and monologue
Name : Yulinar Nurul M.W.
ReplyDeleteStambuk : 15020217
Affixation is the process of adding bound morpheme before or after free morpheme.
Example :
- Misunderstanding
- Dislike
- Pretest
Compounding is a combination of two free morphemes that form a new word.
Example :
- Softball
- Keyboard
Reduplication is the process of repeating the word in total or in partial.
Example :
- Books (buku-buku)
- Walkie-talkie
Morpheme-internal change is internal change of a word. From singular to plural forms.
Example :
- foot => feet
Suppletion is the use of two or more phonetically distinct roots for different forms of the same word.
Example :
- go => went
Blends is combines two words to create a new word.
Example :
- Vlog = video blog
- Emoticon = emotion icon
Name : St.Ardianti
ReplyDeleteClass : B
Nim : 15020204
*Reduplication in linguistics is a morphologicalprocess in which the root or stem of a word(or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.
Reduplication is used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in lexical derivation to create new words.
*In English grammar and morphology, affixation is the process of adding amorpheme — or affix— to a word to create either a different form of that word or a new word with a different meaning; affixation is the most common way of making new words in English.
The two primary kinds of affixation are prefixation, the addition of a prefix, and suffixation, the addition of a suffix, while clusters of affixes can be used to formcomplex words.
*Compounding is a word formation process based on the combination of lexical elements (words or stems). In the theoretical literature, compounding is discussed controversially, and the disagreement also concerns basic issues. In the study of compounding, the questions guiding research can be grouped into four main areas, labeled here as delimitation, classification, formation, and interpretation. Depending on the perspective taken in the research, some of these may be highlighted or backgrounded.
Name : Nur violeta thamrin (15020178)
ReplyDeleteB class
I will explain a simple explanation of affix and reduplication.
●Affix is an additive added into a word that can change the meaning of the word base. Affix can be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense-ed. Affix can be placed at the beginning of the word base, at the end, in the middle or as the prefix and ending.
●Reduplication is The repeating of the parts of words to make new forms. There are various categories of this: rhyming, exact and ablaut (vowel substitution). Examples, are respectively, okey-dokey, wee-wee and zig-zag. The impetus for the coining of these seems to be nothing more than the enjoyment of wordplay. The words that make up these reduplicated idioms often have little meaning in a couple. In other cases, one word will be all the same meaning and the other half of the pair is added for effect or emphasis.
Name : Nurlinda
ReplyDeleteClass : B
Nim : 15020174
I will explaint about a simple explanation of affix, reduplication and compound.
• Affixcation is an additive added into a word that can to process this change in the meaning of the word base.
Example :- Misunderstanding
- Dislike
- Pretest
• Reduplication is used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in lexical derivation to create new words.
Example :- Books (buku-buku)
- Walkie-talkie
• Compound word is two or more words that become one very closely and point or create a new one.
Example :- Softball
- Keyboard
Thank you.
Name:Nanang Irfan
ReplyDeleteNim:15020162
Affixation is the process of adding bound morpheme before or after free morpheme.
Example :
- unhappy
Compounding is a combination of two free morphemes that form a new word.
Example :
-Blackbird
Reduplication is the process of repeating the word in total or in partial.
Example :
-hooty-toity
Morpheme-internal change is internal change of a word. From singular to plural forms.
Example :
- man=> men
Suppletion is the use of two or more phonetically distinct roots for different forms of the same word.
Example :
- I am => I was
Blends is combines two words to create a new word.
Example :
-flexy
Name : Nur oktapiana
ReplyDeleteNim. :15020168
Class : B
Word Formation Process
1.Affixation
Affixation is the process of adding affix morphemes to the basic form. The affix can be prefix, infix (insertion), suffix (suffix), confix and simulfiks (join affix). Examples of each are as follows.
- Prefix: run, runner, killer
- Infix: serrations, rattles, shaking
- Suffix: recite, lempari, reforestation, wealthy, wise.
2.Reduplication is a process of repeating the basic shape performed by repetition of the whole, partial repetition, repetition combined with affix, repetition changed sounds.
- houses
- housing
- running
3. Compound word is two or more words that become one very closely and point or create a new one.
Example :- Softball
Name : YULIA YUNARA
ReplyDeleteClass : B
NIM : 15020216
Affixation
The most common type of derivation is the addition of one or more affixes to a root, as in the word derivation itself. This process is called affixation, a term which covers both prefixation and suffixation.
Compounding
Compounding forms a word out of two or more root morphemes. The words are called compounds or compound words.
Example :
dog house
fireplace
cupcake
email
e-ticket
Reduplication
Aword-formation process in which meaning is expressed by repeating all or part of a word.
*Affixation
ReplyDeleteAffixation is a form of additon of free morphemes and bound morphemes. This affixation process will usually cause a phonemic change of a word
*Compounding
Compounding is a process which forms new word not form bound affixes but from two or more independent words.
The compound can be:
-two free morphemes.example:girlfriend,textbook
-words derived from affixation. Example:air conditioner
-word formed by compounding. Example:lifeguard chair.
*Reduplication
Reduplication is the process of repeating the basic shape done by repetition of the whole,partial repetition,repetition combined with afix,repetition changed sounds. For example:
-home-house(rumah-rumah)->whole repetition
-run-run(berlari-lari)->partial repetition
->the substrate(kebarat-baratan)->repetition in combination with affix
-vegetables(sayur-mayur)->repetition changes sound
Musdalifah septiberliana
ReplyDelete15020159
In linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word. Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning
Some Common Types of Word Formation
-affixation
-compounding
-reduplication
-morphem change internal
-supletion
-blends
Name : Nurul kisti
ReplyDeleteReg no : 15020177
Class : B
Word formation process like as:
1. Affixation is the formation of new word
By combining bound affixes and free
morpheme.
2.Compounding a process which forms new
Words not from bound affixes but from
Two or more independent words.
The compound can be:
-two free morphemes
-word derived by affixation
-word formed by compounding
Ex: two free morpheme
*girlfriend
* black bird
* textbook
3. Reduplication is a process of forming new
Words either by doubling
Ex: higglety -pigglety
Hoity - toity
Hocus - pocus
4. Morpheme - internal change
Ex:
- singular. -plural
Man men
Woman. Women
Goose. Geese
Foot. Feet
Name : Nurul kisti
ReplyDeleteReg no : 15020177
Class : B
Word formation process like as:
1. Affixation is the formation of new word
By combining bound affixes and free
morpheme.
2.Compounding a process which forms new
Words not from bound affixes but from
Two or more independent words.
The compound can be:
-two free morphemes
-word derived by affixation
-word formed by compounding
Ex: two free morpheme
*girlfriend
* black bird
* textbook
3. Reduplication is a process of forming new
Words either by doubling
Ex: higglety -pigglety
Hoity - toity
Hocus - pocus
4. Morpheme - internal change
Ex:
- singular. -plural
Man men
Woman. Women
Goose. Geese
Foot. Feet
Name : Nurul kisti
ReplyDeleteReg no : 15020177
Class : B
Word formation process like as:
1. Affixation is the formation of new word
By combining bound affixes and free
morpheme.
2.Compounding a process which forms new
Words not from bound affixes but from
Two or more independent words.
The compound can be:
-two free morphemes
-word derived by affixation
-word formed by compounding
Ex: two free morpheme
*girlfriend
* black bird
* textbook
3. Reduplication is a process of forming new
Words either by doubling
Ex: higglety -pigglety
Hoity - toity
Hocus - pocus
4. Morpheme - internal change
Ex:
- singular. -plural
Man men
Woman. Women
Goose. Geese
Foot. Feet
Word formation process is the important concept in morphology. Because word formation process is the core point of morphology. There are some process on word such as:
ReplyDelete1.Affixes to indicate tense. Although most English words use the — edsuffix to indicate past tense (as in walked, pushed), irregular past tense is formed in various ways.
2.Compounding is two word or more words joined together to form a new word.
Eg: home + word -> Homework (N)
Low + paid -> low-paid (Adj)
3.Reduplication is the process of forming compound words by repeating all or part of a word (for example, no-no,higgledy-piggledy or mish-mash)
4. Blending Similar to compounds, but in blending only parts of the words are combined. Examples: Motor + hotel Motel Breakfast + lunch Brunch Smoke + fog smog Teleprinter + exchange telex Cli
5,.Clipping Shortening a word by deleting one or more syllables Examples: Facsimile fax Hamburger burger Gasoline gas Advertisement
Name : Kresna Mudzakir
ReplyDeleteId.number : 15020145
Class : A
After I read this matter i realize that affixation,commpoundin and reduplication is very important in the study morphology course
Affixation
Affixation is word process which combining between bound affixes and free morphemes
Compounding
Is the process of forms a new word not from bound affixes but from two or more indepedent word
Reduplication
A process of forming new words either by doubling an entire free morpheme (total reduplication) or part of it (partial reduplication)
Class : A
ReplyDeleteBased on your explanation in class, I could recognize that if we want to forming word, there are some ways to do that. First is Affixation, with by adding suffix or prefix within a word. Second is Compounding. The third is Reduplication, with by doubling the entire or just part of it. The rests are Morpheme-Internal Change, Suppletion, Blend, and Clips
Name : Nursiti Fatimah
ReplyDeleteClass : A
NIM : 15020175
Word Formation Processes
1.Affixation A result of the process of Word formation though the combination of bound affixes and free morphemes.
2. Compounding is aprocess which forms new word not from bound affixes but from two or more independent words.
3. Reduplication aprocess of forming new words either by doubling an entire free morpheme (total reduplication) or part of it (partial reduplication).
4. Morpheme-internal change.
Name : Nur Rezki Amalia
ReplyDeleteNIM : 15020169
Based on the explanation in the class I can get knowledge about affixation, compounding, and reduplication. Affixation is a word process which combining between bound affixes and free morphemes, Compounding is the process of forms a new word not from bound affixes but from two or more independent word, and Reduplication is a process of forming new words either by doubling an entire free morpheme(total reduplication) or part of it (partial reduplication).
NIM : 15020153
ReplyDeletethat's all good explanation and I've readed that affixation talking about the process of word formation which combine affix to basic form or it can called as process adding an affix become a word. The result of process affix formation is affixed word. The second is compounding which process of word formation through merging of basic morpheme. the third is redupclation and fourth is morpheme change internal which that in addition to add a morpheme (affixation) or repeating all or part of a morpheme (reduplication) or morphological process analysis, there is also a morphological process called internal change of morpheme.
Name : indriyana ekasarah
ReplyDeleteClass : A
Nim. : 15020138
I like the explanation, Especially for reduplication, I can conclude that, reduplication is a repeatable word, like an example : war-war, jaw-jaw, flim-flam
Name : Muzdalifa lubis
ReplyDeleteClass : IV/B
NIM : 15020161
From my understanding of the above material, I can conclude that, understanding the different process of word formation helps us understand carefully the creations of English vocabulary. But we can go further. By taking individual words and looking at actual origins, we can achieve a fuller understanding of them.
Name : Muzdalifa lubis
ReplyDeleteClass : IV/B
NIM : 15020161
From my understanding of the above material, I can conclude that, understanding the different process of word formation helps us understand carefully the creations of English vocabulary. But we can go further. By taking individual words and looking at actual origins, we can achieve a fuller understanding of them.
NAMA :UMMU UMAYYAH
ReplyDeleteNIM 15020209
CLASS:B
Word Formation Process
1.Affixation
Affixation is the process of adding affix morphemes to the basic form. The affix can be prefix, infix (insertion), suffix (suffix), confix and simulfiks (join affix). Examples of each are as follows.
- Prefix: run, runner, killer
- Infix: serrations, rattles, shaking
- Suffix: recite, lempari, reforestation, wealthy, wise.
2.Reduplication is a process of repeating the basic shape performed by repetition of the whole, partial repetition, repetition combined with affix, repetition changed sounds.
- houses
- housing
- running
3. Compound word is two or more words that become one very closely and point or create a new one.
Example :- Softball
Name : hendra
ReplyDeleteAssalamualaikum.
Based on explanation. I get information about word infomation process. Such as, affixation, compounding and reduplication. Affication is putting bound morpheme to free morpheme. Compounding is process combination of two free morpheme become one word. Ex, Girl and friend. Become girlfriend.
Baskara Fitra. R
ReplyDelete15020108
Affix is an additive added into a word that can change the meaning of the word base.
Examples of each are as follows.
- Prefix: run, runner, killer
- Infix: serrations, rattles, shaking
- Suffix: recite, lempari, reforestation, wealthy, wise.
Compounding is aprocess which forms new word not from bound affixes but from two or more independent words.
The compound can be:
-two free morphemes.
Example:girlfriend,textbook
-words derived from affixation.
Example:air conditioner
-word formed by compounding.
Example:lifeguard chair.
And the last one, Reduplication is a process of forming new
ReplyDeleteWords either by doubling
Ex: higglety -pigglety
Hoity - toity
Hocus - pocus
1. Affixation is the process of forming words by combining affixes in the basic form or can also be referred to as the process of adding affixes or affixes into words. The result of the formation of affix or imbuhan is called the word berimbuhan.
ReplyDelete2. Compounding is The process of word formation through the merging of two words that give rise to a new word.
3. Reduplication is the process of forming a new word by repeating either a part or a whole of a word.
Affixation is the process of adding bound morpheme before or after free morpheme.
ReplyDeleteExample :
- Misunderstanding
- Dislike
- Pretest
Compounding is a combination of two free morphemes that form a new word.
Example :
- Softball
- Keyboard
Reduplication is the process of repeating the word in total or in partial.
Example :
- Books (buku-buku)
- Walkie-talkie
Morpheme-internal change is internal change of a word. From singular to plural forms.
Example :
- foot => feet
Suppletion is the use of two or more phonetically distinct roots for different forms of the same word.
Example :
- go => went
Blends is combines two words to create a new word.
Example :
- Vlog = video blog
- Emoticon = emotion icon
ReplyDelete1.Affixation is the process of adding affix morphemes to the basic form. The affix can be prefix, infix (insertion), suffix (suffix), confix and simulfiks (join affix).
2.Reduplication is a process of repeating the basic shape performed by repetition of the whole, partial repetition, repetition combined with affix, repetition changed sounds.
3. Compound word is two or more words that become one very closely and point or create a new one.
Name: wahyuni
ReplyDeleteNim: 15020210
Class:B
Based on your explanation in class, I could recognize that if we want to forming word, there are some ways to do that. First is Affixation, with by adding suffix or prefix within a word. Second is Compounding. The third is Reduplication, with by doubling the entire or just part of it. The rests are Morpheme-Internal Change, Suppletion, Blend, and Clips
Name : Nurul Inayah Ghazali
ReplyDeleteclass : B
Based on the explanation in the class I can conclude that word information process. such as affixation, compounding, and reduplicarion. Affixation is a process of combination suffix of prefix. conpounding is a process create a new word from two or more independent words. And reduplication is a process repeating the basic shape of word.
I can get the explenation of:
ReplyDelete1.Affixation
Affixation is the process of adding affix morphemes to the basic form. The affix can be prefix, infix (insertion), suffix (suffix), confix and simulfiks (join affix). Examples of each are as follows.
- Prefix: run, runner, killer
- Infix: serrations, rattles, shaking
- Suffix: recite, lempari, reforestation, wealthy, wise.
2.Reduplication is a process of repeating the basic shape performed by repetition of the whole, partial repetition, repetition combined with affix, repetition changed sounds.
- houses
- housing
- running
3. Compound word is two or more words that become one very closely and point or create a new one.
Example :- Softball
Name :Nurhayati
ReplyDeleteNIM. :15020173
Based on explaination which i get, that Compounding is aprocess which forms new word not from bound affixes but from two or more independent words. Affixation is a word process which combining between bound affixes and free morphemes. The last is Reduplication, with by doubling the entire or just part of it. The rests are Morpheme-Internal Change, Suppletion, Blend, and Clips, like walkie-talkie, hocus-focus.
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ReplyDeleteNama : Andi nurfadillah putri
ReplyDeleteNim : 16020115
Krlas : A/IV
1. Affixation
Affixation is a word element added before, after or in the root or stem (base form of a word) to generate a new word.
The affixation that is before root is called a prefix, after root is called a suffix, whereas in root is called infix.
Affix Type Example:
Affix Affix Example Word Example (Affix + root)
Prefix a-, en-, be-, dis-, un- along, enlarge, befriend, dislike, unhappy
Suffix -acy, -al, -ate, -hood, -ion supremacy, emotional, passionate, childhood, prescription
Infix-s cupsful, passers-by, sons-in-law (plural of cupful, passer-by and son-in-law).
2. Compounding
compounding is the process of forming a new word not from merging affixation or bound morphemes, but from two or more independent words. The words that are part of this compound can be either free morphemes, affixed words, or other compound words, such as:
base word + base word
Base word + affixation
compound word + base word
3. Reduplication
Reduplication is the process of decreasing the word with intact or partial loops. Examples are: "dogs", "men", "vegetables" and so on. non-idiomatic reduplication - basic word repetition that does not change the basic meaning, eg "cats".
Name :Tomy setiawan
ReplyDeleteNim:16020223
Class:C/IV
Assalamualaikum
* Affixation
Affixation is a form of additon of free morphemes and bound morphemes. This affixation process will usually cause a phonemic change of a word
*Compounding
Compounding is a process which forms new word not form bound affixes but from two or more independent words.
The compound can be:
-two free morphemes.example:girlfriend,textbook
-words derived from affixation. Example:air conditioner
-word formed by compounding. Example:lifeguard chair.
*Reduplication
Reduplication is the process of repeating the basic shape done by repetition of the whole,partial repetition,repetition combined with afix,repetition changed sounds. For example:
-home-house(rumah-rumah)->whole repetition
-run-run(berlari-lari)->partial repetition
->the substrate(kebarat-baratan)->repetition in combination with affix
-vegetables(sayur-mayur)->repetition changes sound
Name :Rifky
ReplyDeleteClass:C/IV
Affixation is the process of adding bound morpheme before or after free morpheme.
Example :
- unhappy
Compounding is a combination of two free morphemes that form a new word.
Example :
-Blackbird
Reduplication is the process of repeating the word in total or in partial.
Example :
-hooty-toity
Morpheme-internal change is internal change of a word. From singular to plural forms.
Example :
- man=> men
Suppletion is the use of two or more phonetically distinct roots for different forms of the same word.
Example :
- I am => I was
Blends is combines two words to create a new word.
Example :
-flexy
Nama:serli lusianti
ReplyDeleteNim :16020208
Kelas:IV/C
1.Affixation
Affixation is the process of adding affix morphemes to the basic form. The affix can be prefix, infix (insertion), suffix (suffix), confix and simulfiks (join affix). Examples of each are as follows.
- Prefix: run, runner, killer
- Infix: serrations, rattles, shaking
- Suffix: recite, lempari, reforestation, wealthy, wise.
2.Reduplication is a process of repeating the basic shape performed by repetition of the whole, partial repetition, repetition combined with affix, repetition changed sounds.
- houses
- housing
- running
3. Compound word is two or more words that become one very closely and point or create a new one.
Example :- Softbal
Nama:serli lusianti
ReplyDeleteNim :16020208
Kelas:IV/C
1.Affixation
Affixation is the process of adding affix morphemes to the basic form. The affix can be prefix, infix (insertion), suffix (suffix), confix and simulfiks (join affix). Examples of each are as follows.
- Prefix: run, runner, killer
- Infix: serrations, rattles, shaking
- Suffix: recite, lempari, reforestation, wealthy, wise.
2.Reduplication is a process of repeating the basic shape performed by repetition of the whole, partial repetition, repetition combined with affix, repetition changed sounds.
- houses
- housing
- running
3. Compound word is two or more words that become one very closely and point or create a new one.
Example :- Softbal
Name:Rosdiana
ReplyDeleteClass:C/IV
Affixation is the process of adding bound morpheme before or after free morpheme.
Example :
- Misunderstanding
- Dislike
- Pretest
Compounding is a combination of two free morphemes that form a new word.
Example :
- Softball
- Keyboard
Reduplication is the process of repeating the word in total or in partial.
Example :
- Books (buku-buku)
- Walkie-talkie
Morpheme-internal change is internal change of a word. From singular to plural forms.
Example :
- foot => feet
Suppletion is the use of two or more phonetically distinct roots for different forms of the same word.
Example :
- go => went
Blends is combines two words to create a new word.
Example :
- Vlog = video blog
- Emoticon = emotion icon
Name:windari nurul Pratiwi sofyan
ReplyDeleteClass:C/IV
Affixation or affixing is the process of forming words by applying affixes to the basic form, either a single base or a complex form.
Example :
- Motorcycle to be motorcycle.
- Responsibility becomes responsible
- Communication to communicate
A compound word is two or more words that become one very closely and point or create a new one.
Example :
- Durability Power struggle Village meeting
-Workspace pers conference library
Reduplication is the process of repeating word or word element. Reduplication is also a process of decreasing the word with the whole iteration or partly.
Example :
- Dogs (anjing-anjing)
- Men (lelaki)
- Vegetables (sayur-mayur)
Name:Umi kalsum
ReplyDeleteClass:C/IV
Affixation is the process of adding bound morpheme before or after free morpheme.
Example :
- Misunderstanding
- Dislike
- Pretest
Compounding is a combination of two free morphemes that form a new word.
Example :
- Softball
- Keyboard
Reduplication is the process of repeating the word in total or in partial.
Example :
- Books (buku-buku)
- Walkie-talkie
Name:Sumiswar
ReplyDeleteClass:C/IV
Morpheme internal change is morpheme (affixation) or repeats all or part of a morpheme (reduplication) to distinguish morphological process analysis, there is also a morphological process called morpheme internal modification.
Example :
- Break, broke, broken
- Bite, bit, bitten
- Strife, strive
Suppletion is the formation of words by changing the total of the basic shapes.
Example :
- Good + ly → well (not goodly)
- Mouse + plural → mice (not mouses)
Blends Is the process of forming words by combining two or more words by eliminating certain parts of the old word first before being combined into a new word.
Example :
- Brunch is a new word from breakfast and lunch
- Travelogue is a new word of travel and monologue
Name:Ricky Eka Putra
ReplyDeleteClass:C/IV
1.Affixes to indicate tense. Although most English words use the — edsuffix to indicate past tense (as in walked, pushed), irregular past tense is formed in various ways.
2.Compounding is two word or more words joined together to form a new word.
Eg: home + word -> Homework (N)
Low + paid -> low-paid(adj)
Name:Rifaldin
ReplyDeleteClass:C/IV
Affixation is the process of adding bound morpheme before or after free morpheme.
Example :
- Misunderstanding
- Dislike
- Pretest
2.Compounding a process which forms new
Words not from bound affixes but from
Two or more independent words.
The compound can be:
-two free morphemes
-word derived by affixation
-word formed by compounding
Ex: two free morpheme
*girlfriend
* black bird
* textbook
Name:Rival
ReplyDeleteClass:C/IV
1.Affixation is the process of adding affix morphemes to the basic form. The affix can be prefix, infix (insertion), suffix (suffix), confix and simulfiks (join affix).
2. Compounding is The process of word formation through the merging of two words that give rise to a new word.
3. Reduplication is the process of forming a new word by repeating either a part or a whole of a word.
Name:Siska Miraria
ReplyDeleteClass:C/IV
Affixation is the process of adding bound morpheme before or after free morpheme.
Example :
- Misunderstanding
- Dislike
Compounding is a combination of two free morphemes that form a new word.
Example :
- Softball
- Keyboard
Reduplication is the process of repeating the word in total or in partial.
Example :
- Books (buku-buku)
- Walkie-talkie
Name:Sulastri Wijayanti
ReplyDeleteClass:C/IV
1.Affixation
Affixation is the process of adding affix morphemes to the basic form. The affix can be prefix, infix (insertion), suffix (suffix).Examples of each are as follows.
- Prefix: run, runner,kill, killer
- Infix: rattles, shaking
- Suffix: recite, lempari, reforestation,
2.Reduplication is a process of repeating the basic shape performed by repetition of the whole, partial repetition, repetition combined with affix, repetition changed sounds.
- houses
- running
3. Compound word is two or more words that become one very closely and point or create a new one.
Example :- Softball
Name : Wiwin saputra
ReplyDeleteNim : 16020227
Class : C/IV
1. Affixation
Affixation is the morphological process in by which bound morphemes are attached to a roots or stems to mark changes in meaning, part of speech, or grammatical relationships.
2. Compounding
compounding is the process of combining two words (free morphemes) to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective). Also called composition.
Types of Compounds
-Compound Adjective
-Compound Adverb
-Compound Noun
-Compound Tense
-Compound Verb
-Exocentric Compound
-Rhyming Compound
-Root Compound and Synthetic Compound
-Suspended Compound
3. Reduplication
Reduplication is used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in lexical derivation to create new words.
Name : Nur Hikma
ReplyDeleteClass : VI/B
NIM : 16020180
a.Affixes
An affix is a letter or group of letters that is added to the beginning or end of a word and changes its meaning.
Examples:
• healthy => un + healthy = unhealthy (un is the affix)
• fear => fear + less = fearless
(less is the affix)
There are two kinds of affixes: prefixes and suffixes.
• When the letter or group of letters is added to the beginning of a word, we call it a prefix.
Examples: unhappy, overconfident, ultraviolet, and underdeveloped
• When the letter or group of letters is added to the end of a word, we call it a suffix.
Examples:
careful, secretly, greatness, and teacher
• In English, many new words were formed from existing ones by adding affixes to them. Some even have several affixes added, such as:
care => careless => carelessness
b.Reduplication
Reduplication is a word formation process that repeats all or part of a word to convey some form of meaning. The range of patterns varies from a single segment being copied to entire phrases. The copying can occur on its own, or it can be accompanied by other word formation processes. The meanings can also range from highly iconic meanings, such as repetition to more abstract morpho-syntactic meanings, to quite subtle meanings, difficult to define precisely. Because of this diversity in form and meaning, reduplication has been the subject of a great deal of research, both descriptive and theoretical.
Example: (teenie-weenie, walkie-talkie), with change of vowel (chit-chat, zig-zag) or without change (night-night, so-so and win-win).
c.Compound
A Compound is one whose stem contains more than one root, not just a root with an affix.
Examples:
• viewpoint = root + root (compound)
• viewpoints = root + root + -s affix (compound))
• placekick = root + root (compound)
• placekicker = root + root + -er affix (compound)
• placekickers = root + root + -er affix + -s affix (compound)
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ReplyDeleteName : Isradayanti
ReplyDeleteNIM : 16020156
Class : IV/B
Word formation process like as:
1. Affixation is the formation of new word
By combining bound affixes and free
morpheme.
2.Compounding a process which forms new
Words not from bound affixes but from
Two or more independent words.
The compound can be:
-two free morphemes
-word derived by affixation
-word formed by compounding
Ex: two free morpheme
*girlfriend
* black bird
* textbook
3. Reduplication is a process of forming new
Words either by doubling
Ex: higglety -pigglety
Hoity - toity
Hocus - pocus
Name : Mindy Fadya Anugrah
ReplyDeleteClass : IV/B
Nim : 16020170
*Reduplication in linguistics is a morphologicalprocess in which the root or stem of a word(or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.
Reduplication is used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in lexical derivation to create new words.
*In English grammar and morphology, affixation is the process of adding amorpheme — or affix— to a word to create either a different form of that word or a new word with a different meaning; affixation is the most common way of making new words in English.
The two primary kinds of affixation are prefixation, the addition of a prefix, and suffixation, the addition of a suffix, while clusters of affixes can be used to formcomplex words.
*Compounding is a word formation process based on the combination of lexical elements (words or stems). In the theoretical literature, compounding is discussed controversially, and the disagreement also concerns basic issues. In the study of compounding, the questions guiding research can be grouped into four main areas, labeled here as delimitation, classification, formation, and interpretation. Depending on the perspective taken in the research, some of these may be highlighted or backgrounded.
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ReplyDeleteName :Hariani
ReplyDeleteClass:IV/B
NIM :16020145
Assalamu'alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatu
In English grammar and morphology, affixation is the process of adding a morpheme — or affix— to a word to create either a different form of that word or a new word with a different meaning; affixation is the most common way of making new words in English.
The two primary kinds of affixation are prefixation, the addition of a prefix, and suffixation, the addition of a suffix, while clusters of affixes can be used to form complex words.
Example : Simply put, an affix is a word element of English grammar used to alter the meaning or form of a word and comes in the form of either a prefix or a suffix. Prefixes include examples like "un-" "self-" and "re-" while suffixes come in the form of ending elements like "-hood" "-ing" or "-ed."
Reduplication an often grammatically functional repetition of a radical element or a part of it occurring usually at the beginning of a word and often accompanied by change of the radical vowel
b (1) : a word or form produced by reduplication (2) : the repeated element in such a word or form.
Example: that old-looking colonial mansion is actually a 20th-century reduplication of the original, which was destroyed many years ago
ever since I was forced to do a reduplication of a day's work, I've been more conscientious about hitting my computer's “save” button.
Compound words are formed when two or more words are put together to form a new word with a new meaning. They can function as different parts of speech, which can dictate what form the compound takes on.
For example, the word carry over is an open compound word when it’s used as a verb but it is closed when used as a noun and an a adjective.
Name :Nur Syahria
ReplyDeleteNIM :16020182
Class:IV/B
-Reduplication is a word-formation process in which meaning is expressed by repeating all or part of a word. The study of reduplication has generated a great deal of interest in terms of understanding a number of properties associated with the word-formation process. As with morphology in general, two considerations that arise in reduplication are related to form and meaning. As for form, the term “reduplicant” has been widely used to refer to the repeated portion of a word, while “base” is used to refer to the portion of the word that provides the source material for repetition. There are three key issues regarding reduplicative form for which theories of reduplication aim to account: segmental identity effects between base and reduplicant, the shape of reduplicants, and factors to consider in identifying the base of reduplication. The definitive feature of reduplication—that it involves copying a portion of the word—has generated a large variety of mechanisms to account for how repetition takes place. Because there are other phenomena in languages that involve the repetition of linguistic elements, there has also been research in how to determine whether or not a repetition is reduplication. In terms of the meaning, several recurrent meanings arise in reduplication, often related to “plurality” and “repetition.” This has led to research that explores issues related to iconicity in language. Related to research on meaning is a growing body of work investigating diachronic considerations in reduplication. Another growing area of research on reduplication relates to linguistic genesis by examining reduplication in Creoles, signed languages, and first-language acquisition. One area that lags behind others regards psycholinguistic studies of how speakers represent reduplication in their mental lexicons.
-Affixes are bound morphem, which means can not stand alone. Example : * happtness * likely * development
-Compound is the quality of being composed of multiple parts. Examples : * I like chocolate but I don't have it very often * I am on a diet yet still want acookie
Name : Pajriani
ReplyDeleteClass : IV/B
NIM : 16020186
Affixation is the process of adding bound morpheme before or after free morpheme.
Example :
- unhappy
Compounding is a combination of two free morphemes that form a new word.
Example :
-Blackbird
Reduplication is the process of repeating the word in total or in partial.
Example :
-hooty-toity
Morpheme-internal change is internal change of a word. From singular to plural forms.
Example :
- man=> men
Suppletion is the use of two or more phonetically distinct roots for different forms of the same word.
Example :
- I am => I was
Blends is combines two words to create a new word.
Example :
-flexy
Name : Hastuti
DeleteNim : 16020149
Class : IV/B
1. Reduplication
Reduplication is a process of repeating a word, either wholly or partially. This process is very productive and it shows a number of characteristics. It is used to express various grammatical functions such as verbal aspect and some showing complex models.
Example :
1. They looked at each other.
2. We have to help each other.
3. She is an expert on dancing.
2. Compound
Compound sentence or a compound sentence is a sentence that consists of two free ( independent clause clauses ) attributed by coordinating conjunction.
Example:
( 1 ) She eats
The sentence above has been included in simple sentence because polanya consisting of the subject and verb.
( 2 ) She eats banana in the dining hall.
The sentence above still included in simple sentence.
3. Affix
Affix is a letter or group of letters placed at the beginning, inside, or at the end of a word to produce a new word. Affix that are at the beginning of a word is called prefix. While the affix within a word is called infix, and affix which are at the end of a word is called a suffix.
Prefixa- :
1. not, without (amoral, atheist)
2.ante-: before (a-antecedent, anteroom)
3.anti-: opposite (antioxidant, antibiotic)
4. Dis-.not (dislike, disable)
5.ex-: former (ex-boyfriend, 4.ex-manager)
6 . extra-: exceed (extraordinary, extracurricular
1.compunding
DeleteCompounding is a combination of two free morphemes that form a new word.
Example :
- Softball
- Keyboard
2. Affixation
Affixation is the process of adding bound morpheme before or after free morpheme.
Example :
- Misunderstanding
- Dislike
- Pretest
3. Reduplication
Reduplication is the process of repeating the word in total or in partial.
Example :
- Books (buku-buku)
- Walkie-talkie
Name : Hastuti
DeleteNim : 16020147
Class : Iv/B
1.compunding
Compounding is a combination of two free morphemes that form a new word.
Example :
- Softball
- Keyboard
2. Affixation
Affixation is the process of adding bound morpheme before or after free morpheme.
Example :
- Misunderstanding
- Dislike
- Pretest
3. Reduplication
Reduplication is the process of repeating the word in total or in partial.
Example :
- Books (buku-buku)
- Walkie-talkie
Name : Hasfilan
ReplyDeleteNim : 16020147
Class : IV/B
1.compunding
Compounding is a combination of two free morphemes that form a new word.
Example :
- Softball
- Keyboard
2. Affixation
Affixation is the process of adding bound morpheme before or after free morpheme.
Example :
- Misunderstanding
- Dislike
- Pretest
3. Reduplication
Reduplication is the process of repeating the word in total or in partial.
Example :
- Books (buku-buku)
- Walkie-talkie
Name : Nur Kartini
ReplyDeleteNIM : 16020181
Class:IV/B
Compound words are made up of two or more smaller words that are combined to make a new word with its own meaning. The smaller words that form a compound word are like puzzle pieces you fit together to create a new bigger picture. Take the words milk and shake. If we fit these pieces together, we get the compound word milkshake.
Example :
-"He hid in a cave until the ship had left, only to find that his shipmates had taken pity on him, and left him a barrel of biscuits and a fire, which he kept alight for months. A year later a southbound ship stopped by."
(Simon Winchester, Outposts. Penguin, 2003)
"A diary can take almost any form: written responses to a periodic e-mail reminder, a handwritten notebook, a narrated video, or photos with written commentary."
(Kim Goodwin, Designing for the Digital Age. Wiley, 2009)
-"In Aboriginal Australia all home building was do-it-yourself."
(Tony Dingle, "Necessity the Mother of Invention, or Do-It-Yourself." A History of European Housing in Australia, ed. by Patrick Troy. Cambridge University Press, 2000)
-"I became a shop steward immediately and a trustee in 1936. . . . I became the local's secretary-treasurer in 1946."
(Mary Callahan, quoted in Rocking the Boat: Union Women's Voices, 1915-1975. Rutger's University Press, 1996)
A reduplicative is a word or lexeme (such as mama) that contains two identical or very similar parts. Also called a tautonym.
The morphological and phonological process of forming a compound word by repeating all or part of it is known as reduplication. The repeated element is called a reduplicant.
Example:
-"I don't dally much with riff-raff these days, and he's a pretty raffy kind of a riff."
(Bob Hope as Turkey Jackson in Road to Morocco, 1942)
-"Enough chit-chat. Let's see how you like flaming garbage!"
(Moe in ""A Tale of Two Springfields." The Simpsons, 2000)
-"Bing bang, I saw the whole gang
Dancing on my living room rug, yeah.
Flip flop, they was doing the bop.
All the teens had the dancing bug."(Bobby Darin and Murray Kaufman, "Splish Splash")
An affix is a morpheme that is attached before, after or within to a word stem to form a new word. Affix is a grammatical part that is combined with a word, stem, or phrase to create copied and modified forms. Most English words are made up of the base word known as root which contains the heart of the meaning of the word. The affix added at the beginning of the root is known as prefix while that at the end of a word is suffix. The process of attaching these affixes is referred to as affixation.
Example :
incapable - The affix is the prefix in-
ex-President - The affix is the prefix ex-
laughing - The affix is the suffix ing-
Name: Ningsih
ReplyDeleteNim: 16020178
Class: B/IV
1. Reduplication in linguistics is a morphological process in which the rootor stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.
There are two kinds of reduplication:
1. total reduplication
2. partial reduplication
2. Affixation is the morphological process in by which bound morphemes are attached to a roots or stems to mark changes in meaning, part of speech, or grammatical relationships.
There are two kinds of affixation:
1. prefix : re- > reaccumulate
2. suffix : -less > careless
3. Compounding is the process in which an asset's earnings, from either capital gains or interest, are reinvested to generate additional earnings over time.
There are two kinds of compounding:
1. Open Compound (ex. Big + Island = Big island) and
2. Close Compound (ex. Show + Room = Showroom)
Name :Karmi Megasari
ReplyDeleteNIM :16020159
Class:IV/B
compound word is the morpheme that determines the syntactic category of the entire word.
Examples:
waterfall = noun; water = noun, fall = verb so water is the head
greenhouse = noun; green = adjective, house = noun, so house is the head
waterski = verb; water = noun, ski = verb, so ski is the head
Reduplication a contrast is marked by partial or whole repetition of the stem
itsy-bitsy (partial repetition)
[bəħɛl] means “like,” [bəħɛl bəħɛl] means “exactly like” in Moroccan Arabic
Affixation - Def. affixation: addition of an affix - Def. affix: bound morpheme which does not belong to a lexical category. Affixes can be
categorised according to
1. Form: prefix, infix, suffix
Prefix: an affix that is attached to the front of its base (un-do, de-compose)
Infix: a type of affix that occurs within a base. There are very few, marginal infixes in
English (colloquial speech, technical terminology): -ma- (ironic pseudo-sophistication) in
sophistimacated, edumacation. In older IE languages: -n- as a present marker (yoke, yoga
vs. junction)
Suffix: an affix that is attached to the end of its base
Novi mentari
ReplyDeleteNim 16020179
Class B
Reduplication in linguistics is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.
grammar, compounding (pronounced [KOM-pownd-ing]) is the process of combining two words (free morphemes) to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective). Also called composition it is from the Latin for "put together".
Compounds are written sometimes as one word (sunglasses), sometimes as two hyphenated words (life-threatening), and sometimes as two separate words (football stadium).
What does affix mean? An affix literally “fix”es itself to a root word or a stem word. An affix changes the meaning of a word.
An affix may be attached to the beginning or the end of a root or stem word.
Nama: magfirah asnan
ReplyDeleteNim :16020167
1. Reduplicatuon is the process of
repeating word or word element
Example :Ack-ack, Bye-bye
2. Compound is a sentence consisting of
two (independent clause) connecting
by the coordinating conjuction
Example : take after,looking for.
3. Affixation is a word element that is
added before, after or in the root
or stem (base form of a word ) to
generate a new word.
Example : ful:respect = respectful
Ish:fool = foolish
Name : Herlinawati
ReplyDeleteNIM : 16020150
Class : B
1.) Affixation.
Affixation is the process of adding affix morphemes to the basic form. The affix can be prefix, infix (insertion), suffix (suffix), confix and simulfiks (join affix).
Examples:
- Prefix: dislike, unhappy, enlarge
- Infix: cupsful, passers-by, sons -in-law
- Suffix: supremacy, emotional , passionate, childhood
2. Reduplication is a word-formation process in which meaning is expressed by repeating all or part of a word.
Examples:
- bye-bye
- pooh-pooh
- goody-goody
- talkie-walkie
- wishy-washy
- teeny-weeny
3. Compound word is two or more words that become one very closely and point or create a new one.
Examples:
- girlfriend
- lifetime
- cannot
- together
- without
Name :Kamaria Ramadani
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1. A compound word is formed when a new word with a new meaning. They can function as different parts of speech, which can determine what form the compound uses. For example, the word carry over is a compound word open when used as a verb but is closed when used as a noun and adjective
There are three types of compound words:
Closed compound words, e.g., football, peanut,
Open compound words, e.g., cell phone, high school, and
Hyphenated compound words, e.g., in-depth, runner-up.
2. Affix (affix) is a linguistic form in which a word is a direct element, not a word and not a word. But turning leksem into complex words, meaning to change the leksem into words that have a more complete meaning, such as having a subject, predicate and object. While the process itself is called affixation (affixation).
Affix (affix) is a bonded (morpheme) shape used to derive words. Three kinds of morphological processes, namely, first, the joining of free morphemes with bound morphemes is called affixation. Second, the repetition of free morphemes is called reduplication, and thirdly, the joining of free morphemes with free morphemes is called compounding. In the first process produces the word berimbuhan, the second generates a repeat word, and the third produces a compound word.
In general, (affix) only known there are four, namely (prefix), insertion (infix), (suffix), prefix and suffix (confix). In other sources it is mentioned that the affix is nine, ie prefix, infix, suffix, simulix, confix, superfix, interfix, transfix, and affix combination.
3. Reduplication in linguistics is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.
Reduplication is used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in lexical derivation to create new words. It is often used when a speaker adopts a tone more "expressive" or figurative than ordinary speech and is also often, but not exclusively, iconic in meaning. Reduplication is found in a wide range of languages and language groups, though its level of linguistic productivity varies.
Reduplication is the standard term for this phenomenon in the linguistics literature. Other terms that are occasionally used include cloning, doubling, duplication, repetition, and tautonym when it is used in biological taxonomies, such as "Bison bison".